Hydrogen Bond Examples in Chemistry

Hydrogen bonds occur when a hydrogen atom undergoes dipole-dipole attraction to an electronegative atom. Usually, hydrogen bonds occur between hydrogen and fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen. Sometimes the bonding is intramolecular, or between atoms of a molecule, rather than between atoms of separate molecules (intermolecular).   Examples of Hydrogen Bonds Here is a list of molecules that exhibit hydrogen bonding: water  (H2O): Water is  an excellent example of hydrogen bonding. The bond is between the hydrogen of one water molecule and the oxygen atoms of another water molecule, not between the two hydrogen atoms (a common misconception). How this works is that the polar nature of the water molecule means each hydrogen atom experiences attraction to both the oxygen its bound to and to the non-hydrogen side of the oxygen atoms of other water molecules. Hydrogen bonding in water results in the crystal structure of ice, making it less dense than water and able to float.chloroform  (CHCl3): Hydrogen bonding occurs between hydrogen of one molecule  and carbon of another molecule.ammonia (NH3): Hydrogen bonds form between hydrogen of one molecule and nitrogen of another. In the case of ammonia, the bond that forms is very weak because each nitrogen has one lone electron pair. This type of hydrogen bonding with nitrogen also occurs in methylamine.acetylacetone  (C5H8O2): Intramolecular   hydrogen bonding occurs between hydrogen and oxygen.DNA:  Hydrogen bonds form between base pairs. This gives DNA its double helix shape and makes replication of the strands possible, as they unzip along the hydrogen bonds.nylon:  Hydrogen bonds are found between the repeating units of the polymer.hydrofluoric acid (HF): Hydrofluoric acid forms what is called a symmetric hydrogen bond, which is stronger than the regular hydrogen bond. This type of bond also forms in formic acid.proteins:  Hydrogen bonds result in protein folding, which helps the molecule maintain stability and assume a functional configuration.polymers:  Polymers that contain carbonyl or amide groups can form hydrogen bonds. Examples include urea and polyurethane and the natural polymer cellulose. Hydrogen bonding in these molecules increases their tensile strength and melting point.alcohol:  Ethanol  and other alcohols contain hydrogen bonds between hydrogen and oxygen.

Risk Management - Individual Research Report - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1651 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Risk management Task One – Individual research report Introduction Risk management is a identification process of upcoming threats and danger to an organisation. In an organisation risk can enter through many ways, it can come from project failure, financial market, an accident in organisation such as flood, earthquake, cyclone, power failure, public health and safety and legal risk etc. Risk can be low to medium, or medium to high. It is difficult to say that an organisation can solve all the upcoming risks to the organisation like earthquake, we can just assume that earthquake can damage the business, but we cannot say how much, but there are some alternatives of upcoming threats like in power failure we can use generator to keep running the business. 1 Purpose of risk management within an enterprise-The purpose of risk management in an organisation to identify problems before they enter and create problems in the organisation, so that risk ma nagement handling process may be planed. It is a continuous looking ahead process so it is an important part of a business. Early detection of risk is important because it is easier, not much expensive, and changes can made easily in the planned process. It is easy to maintain a strategy and solve the risks when they are in early stage. A successful manager can monitor risks before they create problems in a business. The lack of information can is dangerous in a business so the staff of the organisation should be well training so that they can assume the risk when it is in early stage and report to the management as soon as possible. 2 Benefits of risk management within an enterprise-An effective risk management program can help the organisations to manage their risks and maximise success opportunities .There are too many benefits of risk management to an organisation, like less time consuming, less costly, less labour. The managers of an organisation should train the staff th at they can discuss the risks with the management when it is in early stage. Communication is a beneficial way for an organisation it helps to understand the most important risk areas. Staff can provide information in written or discuss with the management. So it can be early identification for the management and an alert to the management about the upcoming threats. The potential risk management benefits are ; supporting business planning, use of resources in effective ways, continuous improvement in the business, fewer dangers and threats, increase of new opportunities, increasing communication between staff and management, helps and focus internal audit programme etc. 3 A Reviewing of activities and internal environment-By reviewing the internal environment of a organisation we can assume that how we can identify the risks and found risk in the organisation is acceptable or unacceptable, if it is unacceptable then how can we manage that risk to avoid an upcoming danger or thre at. It can be found by an audit committee or by a group. Risk can affect the internal environment of the organisation .It depends on the organisations staff that how well they are trained by the management, it depends on the skills of the staff that how they will handle it or will they handle it themselves or will report to management of the organisation. The staff and management should perform their duties with responsibilities and complete their assignments on the given time frame by the management. There should be a continuous monitoring of activities in the organisation and the management should do something for the development of the staff and give them a proper and continuous training so they can be perfect in performing their duties. B. Setting objectives-All the organisations face the risks from internal and external environments. Objectives should be exist before the management can identify risks affecting the achievements of the organisation. An agency should develop related objectives. There are three broad categories of objectives †operations, reporting, and compliance. In operations the company should do all the operations and work very effectively and in a progressive way, there should not be the minor faults in the formulations of the products and services of the company. If there are any risks around the operation the management should make a report and find the solutions of the involved risks. If they will avoid the so there will not be compliance risks for the company, and the company can achieve their target successfully. There are some questions that what risks should a company not accept for example quality compromises and environmental and rules and regulations set by the government. They must not accept the legal risks. All the product and services should be a standard quality. Always worst outcomes should be assessed for the development of the company. c. Event identification-An event is a incident arising from externa l and internal sources that can affect implementation of strategy. There are some external and internal factors through which we can identify events. Economic changes can affect the company financially. Ups and down in the currency of the country can affect the import and export of the company. Natural environments can also affect the company. Environmental damage can cause by failure in the rules and regulations set by law. Loss of funds through frauds can be a serious problem for the company. Failure to measurement of product can be another deficit for the company. Project delay can affect the company, s reputation. Failure of contractors and partners can be another bad situation for the company. Technical faults can also be costly for the company, It can be time consuming and affect the company, s target and reputation. D. Risk assessment with particular reference to the impact and likelihood of risk-In an organisation it is possible that an event can occur and affect the achi evements of the objectives. It can decrease the value of the goods and services, so that risk should analysed because of their impacts. Management should consider the future events, expected or unexpected. They should always finding that what is worst that can happen or damage the reputation of the organisation. Considering the risk appetite the amount of risk is acceptable or not, most likely the government entities risk is low than the private organisations. Tolerance level is high in the private organisations. Risk assessment can use quantitative and qualitative methods. If the management already miss to give notification to the controller and it can be failure to recover the funds. Lack of notification can result in investigation. E. Risk response-Management determines that how can be respond to the risk, reviewing and impact, evaluating costs and benefits and selecting options within the entity, s risk tolerance. Management should keep trying to avoid the risk if there are o ther alternatives in front of company. By doing that the risk management we can find out what is good for the company. If the risk occurs the specific actions should taken by the management to reduce the risk level. Reducing risk by sharing the impact of the risk can be beneficial for the organisation. If the organisation will accept the risk without doing anything then the results can be dangers. It is easy to analyse the cost side in spite of benefit side. Management should first find the risks in each division or in each business unit. A view of risk can be depicted in several ways focusing on major risks and event categories across divisions. If the risk is in the program unit can be tolerated but it depends of the level of the risk. F. Control activities- there is a major role of effectiveness and efficiency in control activities. Control activities should be tested to ensure that there is not material weakness or difficulties. Management also should ensure that control a ctivities are carried out in a timely manner. Internal auditor can also support management by providing assurance on the effectiveness and efficiency of control activities. In an organisation they must provide the receipt to customers, cash should be handle with care, information system and data processing system should be strong enough, financial reporting, accounts receivable , and investments should handle with care. Misuse of company, s assets, corruption and fraudulent reports should be should be probe properly. The management should focus on the core areas like information system, contracts, purchasing, grants and other programs, services provided to the community, revenue collection, salaries of employees, and property. Risk with large and moderate impacts should be addressed with control activities. G. information communication-Information is major source to identify risks, and respond them in a appropriate way even is external or internal. Information should available for widespread use, all the transactions should recorded and tracked in actual timing, management should have immediate access to operating and financial information more effectively. If the risk is in tolerance than that, s all right otherwise an action should take immediately. Data reliability in information system should assessed carefully, poor assessment or bad management decisions can affect the targets. Communication is another way to be safe from risks, managers and staff needs to discuss the matters with each other, and tries to find the solutions for the problems. If necessary they should take actions immediately. H. Monitoring- In an organisation ongoing monitoring activities should be continuous process. Ongoing monitoring activities will occur through management activities. Division head, Line manager, controller, senior management, internal auditor, and external auditor can evaluate the monitoring process. A variety of evaluation techniques are available like check list, questionnaire, flowchart techniques, performance steps etc. Reporting to the management about the risks is a good way to keep an eye in the organisation it will be far seeing process which can keep safe the organisation from unwanted danger and threats. Conclusion: savoury aroma coffee shopee should identify threats coming in the way of achieving objectives and start creating hazards. They should do proper assessment and need to find solution. This solution should be bigger than problem. They have to be very competent and efficient. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Risk Management Individual Research Report" essay for you Create order

Essay on Natural Gas Fracking Risks - 1519 Words

Natural gas is said to be one of the most popular forms of energy today. In the past, often left undeveloped and wasted, it was once considered â€Å"unusable† and â€Å"worthless†, compared to oil. In order to try to break our country’s dependence on foreign oil supplies, we have begun to dip into our own natural gas supply. Natural gas is found underground, and is produced when trapped gas is released above ground. Hydraulic fracturing or fracking is a process that extracts natural gas from the ground. As harmless as the billion dollar producing oil companies would want us to believe, environmental groups, scientists, and average citizens have raised concerns about the negative impact of hydraulic fracking on the environment and†¦show more content†¦As more and more natural gas locations are sprouting up so close to home, it makes sense to explore the risks proven to be associated with fracking. Groundwater polluting of communities near natural gas drilling sites, has been linked to fracking. â€Å"At least 15 water-wells in Rosebud, Alberta, have gone bad since EnCana Corporation fracked into their aquifer in search of shale gas in 2004† (Nelson 25). By fracking into the aquifer, the chemicals used in the process undoubtedly contaminated the drinking water of the area. Nelson also reports of Rosebud resident, Jessica Ernst and her family’s experience with fracking. Ms. Ernst stated that Encana gas told her family that they would never fracture near her family’s aquifer. By 2005, Ms. Ernst says that her water started going bad, she was receiving horrible burns and rashes from showering, and her dogs refused to drink the water so that is when she began to pay attention (Nelson 25). It is a horrible thought that a person could get burnt taking a shower in their own home or not be able to provide their pets safe water to drink. â€Å" In 2006, Ernst decided to go public, showing reporters how she could set fire to her tap water, and speaking out about the industry† (Nelson 25). â€Å"One gas company recently bought out the town of Dimock, Pennsylvania, for $4.1 million because fracking made the water completely undrinkable† (Nelson 26). It makes one wonder how large drillingShow MoreRelatedFracking : A Controversial Controversy1486 Words   |  6 PagesFracking is a highly controversial practice that utilizes the injection of water, chemicals and abrasives to extract relatively inaccessible pockets of natural resources. Although fracking has the potential to benefit the domestic economy, the practice of hydraulic fracturing, if left unregulated and mismanaged poses significant risks to the environment, the ecosystem and safety. 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In addition to this, the water mixtures used in fracking contain an average of 200 000 litres ofRead MoreA Brief Note On Environmental Injustice And Fracking1341 Words   |  6 PagesOctober 8, 2015 Environmental Injustice and Fracking Recently, North Carolina has been conducting pilot studies to determine whether or not hydraulic fracturing should be pursued in the state’s shale beds, a topic that causes much polarized debate. Hydraulic fracturing, otherwise known as â€Å"fracking,† uses water, sand, and chemicals to release natural gas from as far as 10,000 feet below the Earth’s surface. Supporters of fracking claim that natural gas is an ideal â€Å"bridge fuel† as the energy industryRead MoreFracking, The Splitting Decision : An Analysis1726 Words   |  7 PagesFracking, The Splitting Decision: An Analysis of the Advantages and Disadvantages of Fracking Abstract Fracking, or hydraulic fracturing, is the process of drilling into the Earth and subsequently directly a high-pressure water, sand, and chemical mixture at shale rock to release the gas inside, out through the head of the well. Fracking allows firms to access previously inaccessible resources of oil and gas buried underneath the earth and hidden in the rocks. In the U.S., fracking has boostedRead MoreFracking : A Natural Source Of Clean Energy Essay1191 Words   |  5 Pagescreate tiny fissures in the rocks that lie deep beneath the earth; The rocks then allows gas and oil to flow into the well. In fracking, or hydraulic fracturing, drillers inject water, chemicals, sand, or gravel, deep underground to crack open shale rock that can contain huge deposits of oil and gas. Combined with another technique known as horizontal drilling, which is exactly what it sounds like. Fracking is often used as an overall term to describe the whole process of shale energy developmentRead MoreFracking And The Gas Industry1573 Words   |  7 Pageshydraulic fracturing - a process for extracting natural gas- has spread rapidly across the United States. High volume hydraulic fracturing, or â€Å"fracking,† is a process in which water and chemicals are injected into shale formations underground in order to release trapped natural gas. As fracking spreads throughout the United States, there are more and more reported cases of contaminated drinking water and illness among citizens living near fracking sites. Even with these cases, it is still difficultRead MoreFracking : Fracking And Fracking1524 Words   |  7 Pages Hydraulic Fracturing Research Paper Hydraulic Fracturing (also commonly known as fracking) is a process used to extract natural gasses deep within the earth. This is done by drilling vertically into the ground until the desired depth; then drilling horizontally; and pumping millions of gallons of water, sand, and other chemicals into the drill at a high pressure to create fissures through which the gas can escape. Currently, hydraulic fracturing is extensively used in the United States in order

Memorandum To Board Of Directors - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about theMemo to Board of Directors. Answer: Date: 12 September 2017 To: Board of Directors From: Subject: Technical aspects of consolidation Proposal This memorandum seeks to explain the technical aspects related to consolidation that board of directors needs to consider while developing the financial reports. The term consolidation of financial statements refers to integrating the financial reports of all subsidiaries of a multinational organization under the parent company. It has become extremely important for the business companies operating at a global level for constantly adapt their business procedures as per the needs and demands of international market place. As such, development and presentation of consolidated financial statements has become essential for companies operating in global market place for improving their business performance. This memo has explained the various technical aspects related to the consolidation process to the board of directors for assisting them to improve the quality of financial reporting. Background Composition of Group and its Major Operations The consolidation basis requires primarily identifying the composition of a group that can include subsidiaries, joint ventures and operations, associates. The subsidiaries refer to a company that is complete owned by the parent company nada such its financial reports are fully consolidated with the main group (Hove, 2006). The joint venture refers to tow or more entities that are controlled by a third party and each business entity retain their individual identities (Annual Report, 2016). The joint operations refer to an operational partnership between two or more business entities while associates are the partly owned companies of the group. Wesfarmers Limited, a recognized Australian conglomerate, listed on ASX and involved in retail of chemicals, fertilizers, coal mining and industrial products (Hove, 2006). The Wesfarmers Group consists of associates, joint operations, joint ventures and subsidiaries. The joint operations of the company include Sodium Cyanide, Bengala and ISPT while it has joint venture with BPO NO 1 Pty Ltd. The major subsidiaries of the company are Coles Supermarkets, Bunnings Warehouse and many others (Annual Report, 2016). (Source: https://media.corporate-ir.net/media_files/IROL/14/144042/wesfarmers_sr/wesfarmers/group.html ) Need to prepare the Consolidation Financial Statements The Companies Act requires companies to develop the consolidated financial reports for integrating the financial results of all its subsidiaries as a whole (AASB 127, 2007). As the subsidiaries prepare their own financial report but in order to provide the users of the annual report the complete performance of the company it is important to include the financial results of the subsidiaries together with the own financial results to come with the consolidation of the financial results. As we know the consolidations of the financial statements are presented for the group as a whole and group means company it-self and wholly owned subsidiaries (AASB 127, 2007). Subsidiaries refer to the separate legal entity who prepares its own financial accounts but it has no existence without its holding company. It is very important to fully own by the entity (Annual Report, 2016). Funds used by the company to pay the acquisition amount The group of companies that are acquired by the Wesfarmers are given above and they are acquired the management board of Wesfarmers through various sources of funds. While making the acquisition Wesfarmers uses various sources of funds to pay the sales consideration for the acquired entities (Annual Report, 2016). The main sources of funds are share capital, debentures or bonds and issue of bonus shares. The subsidiaries acquired by the Wesfarmers are now the fully owned by the Wesfarmers itself and there is no other owner of such subsidiaries (Hove, 2006). In the recent year company has acquired HomeBase and to finance the acquisition amount Wesfarmers has diversified its funding sources. In February 2016, company has established 515 million pounds of three year bank facilities and 115 million pound of one year bank facility. This has provided the base to fund the Homebase acquisition and also provide working capital. So it can also be said that company has used debt fund to finance the acquisition of Homebase acquisition (Annual Report, 2016). Cash Capital Expenditure Subsidiaries Acquired 2016 2015 $M $M Coles $ 797.00 $ 941.00 Home Improvement $ 538.00 $ 711.00 Kmart $ 163.00 $ 169.00 Target $ 129.00 $ 127.00 Officeworks $ 40.00 $ 39.00 WesCEF $ 60.00 $ 56.00 Industrial and Safety $ 52.00 $ 57.00 Resources $ 116.00 $ 137.00 Other $ 4.00 $ 2.00 Total Cash Expenses $ 1,899.00 $ 2,239.00 Less: Sale of Property, plant and Equipment $ -563.00 $ -687.00 Net Capital Expenses $ 1,336.00 $ 1,552.00 (Annual Report, 2016) Corporate Governance The consolidated financial statements of the company has also clearly published and depicted the policy of the company relating to its corporate governance. The corporate governance policies have indicated clearly the role and responsibilities of board and management, structure and composition of the board (Tong, 2013). The corporate governance policies of the Group has also stated the independence criteria established for its directors and the development of various board committees such as audit committee for ensuring transparency and integrity in the preparation of consolidated financial statements (Annual Report, 2016). The group has also maintained the framework for risk management and managing the workforce diversity in order to ensure that a safe and healthy working environment is maintained within the workplace units of the group. The audit and risk committee of the group ensures the maintenance of integrity in the financial reporting by complying with the accounting, legal a nd regulatory requirements. The Group conducts its operational activities as per the Groups 10 community and environment principles for promoting the sustainable development of the communities and environment in which it operates (Annual Report, 2016). Non-Controlling Interest Non-Controlling interest also refers to the minority interest and it presented in the consolidated financial position (Balance Sheet) under Equity Section. The amount of non-controlling interest refers to equity portion in the subsidiaries which is not attributable, directly or indirectly to the parent company (Financial reporting developments, 2015). The purpose of providing the details of the non controlling interests in the financial statements is that it helps in identification of the ownership interests in the subsidiaries held by the other parties other than the actual owner. It is the main reason why non controlling interest must be clearly indentified under the equity section of the consolidated balance sheet (Financial reporting developments, 2015). After reviewing the consolidated balance sheet it has been found that Wesfarmers does not report any non-controlling interest in subsidiaries that signifies that company has 100% stake in all its subsidiaries (Annual Report, 2016). As stated above all the details of the subsidiaries held by the Wesfarmers, it has been hereby held that Wesfarmers pertains 100 % stake in all its list of subsidiaries and subsidiaries of subsidiaries. In notes to accounts some information has been found regarding the non-controlling interest held by Wesfarmers in very small entities such as Forest products: non-controlling interest in Wespine Pty Limited, Property: non-controlling interest in BWP Trust, Investment banking: non-controlling interest in Gresham Partners Group Limited and Private equity investment: non-controlling interests in Gresham Private Equity Fund (Annual Report, 2016). As company does not have any non controlling interest, so details regarding the direct and indirect non-controlling interest are provided in the annual report of the company. Acquisition and role of Goodwill Acquisition means acquiring the company or making controlling rights in the company through obtaining the majority stake in the acquired firm. Acquired entity becomes fully owned or partially owned subsidiary of the company depending upon the percentage of the stake company has taken in the acquired entity (AASB 1013: Accounting for Goodwill, 2017). There are many ways through which acquisition can be done like through issuing the equity shares to the shareholders of the acquired firm, through providing the cash and cash equivalents for the total amount of sales consideration and many other (Tong, 2013). Goodwill refers to the intangible asset that arises due to the result of acquisition by one company of another company at premium value (Annual Report, 2016). Premium value means any amount that has been paid on and above the net asset value of the company acquired. Goodwill represents company value poses in its brand name, patents, customer base, good customer services, employee rel ations, improvement in technology and other similar things that appreciate the value of company (AASB 1013: Accounting for Goodwill, 2017). In year 2016, Wesfarmers has acquired Homebase business, a recognised home improvement and garden retailer in the United Kingdom (UK), for $665 million and it has raised the goodwill amount to 1,018 million dollar. There is impairment of 1208 million dollar on the whole of goodwill amount recorded in current year as well as in previous years. Impairment refers to the reduction in carrying value of assets due to change in value in use and discounted value of future cash flows (Annual Report, 2016). (Annual Report, 2016) Accounting of Foreign Currency Transactions The accounting transactions relating to foreign currency are denominated in foreign currencies through the application of exchange rate differences between the original purchase and sale transaction date on the day of settlement. The notes to the financial statements section of the Group has mentioned the occurrence of foreign currency transactions at the time of financial reporting of its overseas business units. The Wesfarmers Limited has many foreign subsidiaries including Coles, Target and Bunnings Warehouse. The assets and liabilities of the foreign business units of the Group are denominated into Australian dollars on the basis of average rate of exchange for the year (Annual Report, 2016). The foreign currency transactions are primarily reported in the functional currency through the application of exchange rate differences. The monetary figures relating to the assets and liabilities are denominated in the foreign currencies through the application of exchange rate present on the date of balance sheet (Annual Report, 2016). There are many overseas subsidiaries whose balances of assets and liabilities are converted into the Australian dollars using the exchange rate available on the reporting date of consolidated financial statements. Income Statement balances are converted using the average exchange rate for the year. Below is the statement of change in equity that contains the difference of amount arises due to exchange rate fluctuations. (Annual Report, 2016) Other Information related to the Consolidation of Financial Statements such as Ratio Analysis There are many other interesting information that are related to the consolidation of financial statements that board members must be aware of like difference between the parent company performance and group performance. Wesfarmers prepares their financial results in a group which comprises of various different units such as Coles, Home Improvement, Target and other industrial units. Financial Performance of the Group as the whole: Financial Data of the Wesfarmers in year 2016 Amount in AUD million Financial Items 2015 2016 Net Income after Tax $ 2,440.00 $ 407.00 Total Assets $ 40,402.00 $ 40,783.00 Shareholder's Equity $ 24,781.00 $ 22,949.00 Current Assets $ 9,093.00 $ 9,684.00 Current Liabilities $ 9,726.00 $ 10,424.00 Revenue $ 62,447.00 $ 65,981.00 (Annual Report, 2016) Ratio Analysis of the Group Ratio Formula 2015 2016 Return on Assets Net income/Total Assets 6.04% 1.00% Return on Equity Net Income/ Equity 9.85% 1.77% Current Ratio Current Assets/Current Liabilities 0.93 0.93 Assets turnover Ratio Revenue/Total Assets 1.55 1.62 Wesfarmers makes there consolidation of financial statements at the end of financial year with keeping in mind all the guidelines and presentation format required in the AASB 127 accounting standard. The main group of Wesfarmers comprises of Coles and Home Improvement. So it is important look after the financial performance of the Coles group. (Annual Report, 2016) (Annual Report, 2016) References AASB 1013: Accounting for Goodwill. 2017. [Online]. Available at: https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content102/c3/AASB1013_6-96.pdf [Accessed on: 11 September, 2017]. AASB 127. 2007. Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements. [Online]. Available at: https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB127_07-04_COMPjul07_07-07.pdf [Accessed on: 11 September, 2017]. Annual Report. 2016. Wesfarmers. [Online]. Available at: https://www.wesfarmers.com.au/docs/default-source/reports/2016-annual-report.pdf?sfvrsn=4 [Accessed on: 11 September, 2017]. Financial reporting developments. 2015. A comprehensive guide Consolidated and other financial management statements Presentation and accounting for changes in ownership interests. [Online]. Available at: https://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/FinancialReportingDevelopments_BB1577_ConsolidatedFinancialStatements_8December2015/$FILE/FinancialReportingDevelopments_BB1577_ConsolidatedFinancialStatements_8December2015.pdf [Accessed on: 11 September, 2017]. Hove, M.R. 2006. Consolidated Financial Statements: An International Perspective. Juta and Company Ltd. Tong, T.L. 2013. Consolidated Financial Statements, International Edition. CCH Asia Pte Ltd.